التطعيمات vaccinations

Parents should seek information on the pros and cons of vaccination on their own in order to make an educated, informed decision. A number of questions about vaccination follow. Each offers a statement commonly given by pediatricians and family doctors in support of vaccination. Information that rebuts this statement and supports the decision not to vaccinate follows.

1. Is vaccination necessary to prevent childhood disease?
Support of Vaccination: Immunization has been repeatedly demonstrated to be one of the most effective medical interventions we have to prevent disease.

Rebuttal: Most of the common childhood diseases were declining in terms of morbidity (complications) and mortality (death) prior to the introduction of vaccinations, according to information obtained directly from government sources.

2. How many lives does vaccination save?
Support of Vaccination: It has been estimated that immunizations currently save three million lives per year throughout the world.
Rebuttal: A negative cannot be proven. For example: how can you know that a vaccine saved a life? Do all people contract all infections? How do you know how many infections have been prevented by vaccines and how many infections have been prevented by other means?

3. Is vaccination cost-effective?
Support of Vaccination: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective health interventions.
Rebuttal: We do not know the actual cost of vaccination worldwide but a few costs are known:
• The wholesale price for vaccines used in the U.S. pediatric schedule is more than $170 per child. Given that there are more than 77,000 live births per week in the U.S., that equals more than $13 million each week to prevent a few childhood infections.
• More than $1.3 billion has been spent to eradicate polio from Third World countries.
• The estimated lifetime cost of caring for one autistic (possibly vaccine-injured) child is more than $4.5 million.

4. Are vaccines safe?
Support of Vaccination: Vaccines are safe and do not cause untoward effects on the immune system.
Rebuttal: Safety studies have been too short, too small and too few in number to enable us to declare vaccines safe. In addition, the natural immune system of infants has not been studied and is not yet fully understood. The long-term consequences of vaccines on the immune systems of children under two years of age cannot be predicted. And as of yet, this information is not being tracked. If a child develops an autoimmune disorder, the cause is not studied; instead, a therapy/medication is developed to treat it.

5. Do vaccines contain toxic additives?
Support of Vaccination: The additives in vaccines are in small concentrations and are non-toxic.
Rebuttal: Vaccines contain a combination of at least 39 different toxic additives, preservatives and cell types introduced during the manufacturing process.

The cumulative effect of these toxins, particularly the heavy metals, is hotly debated.

Most vaccines are given in combination, and in doing so potentially create a cumulative effect of toxicity.

In addition, vaccine contaminants have included bovine (cow), avian (chicken) and monkey viruses and bacteria such as streptococcus in the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine [Pediatrics, Vol. 75, No. 2, Feb 1985] and Serratia marcesens in the influenza vaccines [2004 influenza season].

For example, DTP, a common vaccine given to most newborns, is produced using formaldehyde, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, polysorbate 80 and gelatin. In some cases, thimerosal still is used. The polio vaccine is produced using three types of polio virus and can contain formaldehyde, phenoxyethanol (antifreeze), sucrose (table sugar), neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin B and VERO cells (a continuous line of monkey kidney cells).

It is also important to consider an infant’s developing filtering system for eliminating toxins. For example, aluminum is eliminated from the body primarily through the kidneys. Infant kidney function (glomerular filtration rate) is low at birth and does not reach full capacity until one to two years of age.

6. What do vaccines protect against?
Support of Vaccination: Vaccines provide high levels of protection against several diseases, as well as disability and death.
Rebuttal: Vaccines vary in efficacy, and many who have been vaccinated still contract the disease. Therefore, vaccines do not necessarily protect against disability and death from disease. In addition, vaccines have been documented to cause certain disabilities, even death.

7. Are adverse side effects of vaccination common? Support of Vaccination: Serious adverse events following immunization are rare. Rebuttal: Between mid-1999 and Jan. 4, 2004 (for all vaccines and all reactions), 128,035 adverse reactions were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). It is estimated that only 10% of all reactions are actually reported to VAERS. Therefore, this may actually represent between 1.28 million (10%) and 12.8 million (1%) of all vaccine-associated adverse reactions. In that same period, there were 2,093 deaths reported to VAERS. This may actually represent between 20,930 (10%) and 209,300 (1%) of the deaths thought to be associated with vaccines. Even though this data does not prove an association to vaccine-related injury and death The decision to vaccinate or not is important and complex. Parents must take on the responsibility to seek enough information to make an educated, informed decision. Armed with as much information as possible, parents then can make the choice in consultation with their own health-care providers.

Commonly Used Vaccines

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP)

• What it's for: Protects against the bacterial infections diphtheria, tetanus (Lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).
• Tripedia, Infanrix and DAPTACEL are licensed for children 6 weeks to 7 years old. Diphtheria can infect the throat, causing a thick covering that can lead to problems with breathing, paralysis, or heart failure.
  
• Tetanus can cause painful tightening of the muscles, seizures, and paralysis. Whooping cough causes severe coughing spells and can lead to pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death.
• Common side effects: Mild fever, redness, soreness or swelling at the injection site, fussiness or crying more than usual.
  
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill, or has had a severe reaction to a previous shot or has a known sensitivity to ingredients of the vaccine, including latex.

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine

• What it's for: Boostrix is licensed for use for people ages 10 to 18 years. Adacel is licensed for people ages 11 years and older, up to age 64. Protects against the bacterial infections diphtheria, tetanus (Lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).
• Common side effects: Mild fever, pain and redness at injection site, headache, tiredness.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has had any allergic reaction to any vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis diseases, any ingredient contained in the vaccine, or to latex.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine

• What it's for: Protects against Hib disease, which can cause meningitis (an infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord), pneumonia (lung infection), severe swelling of the throat, and infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart. Approved for children who are at least 2 months old.
• Common side effects: Redness, warmth or swelling at site of injection, fever.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill, or has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of Hib vaccine.

Hepatitis A Vaccine

• What it's for: Protects against liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A can cause mild "flu-like" illness, jaundice (yellow skin or eyes), severe stomach pains, and diarrhea. A person who has hepatitis A can easily pass the disease to others within the same household. Havrix and VAQTA are licensed for use in children ages 12 months and up.
• Common side effects: Soreness at the injection site, headache, loss of appetite, tiredness.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine.

Hepatitis B Vaccine

• What it's for: Protects against liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B can lead to liver damage, liver cancer and death. Recombivax HB and Engerix-B are licensed for use in babies at birth.
• Common side effects: Soreness at injection site and fever.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill or has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to baker's yeast used for making bread, or to a previous dose of the vaccine.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

• What it's for: Gardasil is licensed for the prevention of cervical cancer, abnormal and precancerous cervical lesions, abnormal and precancerous vaginal and vulvar lesions, and genital warts in females ages 9 to 26.
• Common side effects: Pain, redness or swelling, itching at the site of injection, dizziness, fainting.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has had an allergic reaction to yeast or another component of HPV vaccine, or to a previous dose of the vaccine.

Influenza (Flu) Vaccine—Inactivated Shot

• What it's for: Protects children six months and older against the influenza virus strains contained in the vaccine. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The influenza viruses that cause disease in people may change every year, so yearly vaccination is needed to reduce the chances of getting sick.
• Common side effects: Soreness at the injection site, low-grade fever, and aches. The influenza vaccine is made from killed or inactivated influenza viruses, so your child can't get the flu from the flu shot.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill, has ever had an allergic reaction to eggs or to a previous dose of the flu vaccine, or has ever had Gullian-Barre Syndrome (GBS), a serious neurological disorder that can occur either spontaneously or after certain infections. The disorder typically involves weakness in the legs and arms that can be severe.

Influenza (Flu) Vaccine—Live Intranasal

• What it's for: FluMist is sprayed into both nostrils and protects against flu in healthy children and adolescents ages 5 to 17. In September 2007, FDA approved FluMist for use in children between the ages of 2 and 5.
• Common side effects: Runny nose, headache, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever. This vaccine, which contains weakened viruses, usually doesn't cause illness, because the viruses have lost their disease-causing properties.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is pregnant, moderately or severely ill, has a weakened immune system, has ever had an allergic reaction to eggs or to a previous dose of the flu vaccine, has a history of asthma or any other history of coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath, or has a history of Gullian-Barre Syndrome (GBS).

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine

• What it's for: Protects against measles, mumps, and rubella in children ages 12 months and up. Measles is a respiratory infection that causes skin rash and flu-like symptoms. It can cause severe disease leading to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, and brain damage. Mumps causes fever, headache and swollen glands, especially salivary glands. It can also lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries. Rubella, also called German Measles, is an infection of the skin and lymph nodes and can cause arthritis. Rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to birth defects.
• Common side effects: Fever and mild rash. In rare cases, swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is ill or has ever had an allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or a previous dose of the MMR vaccine.

Meningococcal Disease Vaccine

• What it's for: Menactra is licensed for use in people ages 11 years and older, up to age 55. In October 2007, FDA approved expanding the age range for Menactra to include children ages 2 to 10 years. Menomune is licensed for use in children 2 years and older. These vaccines protect against meningococcal disease, a serious illness caused by a bacteria. It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children 2-18 years old in the United States. Meningitis is an infection of fluid surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.
• Common side effects: Sore arm, headache, fatigue.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of meningococcal vaccine, has a known sensitivity to vaccine components or latex, which is used in the vial stopper, or has bleeding disorders or a history of Gullian-Barre Syndrome (GBS), a serious neurological disorder that can occur either spontaneously or after certain infections. The disorder typically involves weakness in the legs and arms that can be severe.

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

• What it's for: Prevnar (Pneumococcal 7-valent Conjugate Vaccine) protects infants and toddlers against serious pneumococcal disease, such as meningitis and blood infections, and some ear infections.
• Common side effects: Redness, tenderness, swelling at injection site, fever, fussiness, drowsiness, loss of appetite.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill, or has ever had an allergic reaction to a previous dose.

Pneumococcal Vaccine Polyvalent

• What it's for: Pneumovax 23 is licensed for use in children with certain health conditions who are 2 years or older for the prevention of the 23 most prevalent types of pneumococcal bacteria. Pneumococcal disease can lead to serious infections of the blood, the lungs, such as pneumonia, and the covering of the brain (meningitis).
• Common side effects: Soreness, warmth, redness, swelling at the site of injection.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is allergic to any component of the vaccine, has a respiratory illness or other active infection, or has severely compromised cardiovascular and/or pulmonary function.

Polio Vaccine

• What it's for: The inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) protects against the virus that causes polio, an illness that can cause paralysis or death. For children at least 2 months old.
• Common side effects: Soreness at injection site, muscle aches, low-grade fever.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has ever had a severe allergic reaction to a previous shot or an allergic reaction to the antibiotics neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B.

Rotavirus Vaccine

• What it's for: RotaTeq is a live vaccine given by mouth to prevent rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. This viral infection of the stomach and intestines can cause severe diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, which may lead to serious dehydration. For children who are at least 6 weeks old, but younger than 32 weeks.
• Common side effects: Mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child has a known or weakened immune system, is allergic to any of the ingredients of the vaccine, or has ever had an allergic reaction after getting a dose of the vaccine.

Varicella (Chicken Pox) Vaccine

• What it's for: Varivax (varicella virus vaccine live) protects against chicken pox in people 1 year and older. Chicken pox, which is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, causes itchy blisters and fever. Complications of chicken pox can include skin infection, scarring, brain swelling, and pneumonia.
• Common side effects: Soreness or swelling at the injection site, fever, mild rash.
• Tell your health care provider beforehand if: Your child is moderately or severely ill, or has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or a previous dose of chicken pox vaccine.

thank u الخلاصة باللغة العربية

|--*¨®¨*--|التطعيــــــم|--*¨®¨*--| عزيزتي الأم ( لماذا التوجيه والخطاب دائما للأم ) و الأب : نتقدم إليكم بجزيل الشكرلحرصكما على تطعيم أطفالكما فهذه آمانة في عنقيكما فالتحصين يقي طفلكما أو طفلتكما من أمراض خطيرة منها القاتلة ومنها المسببة لإعاقات مستديمة فسارعا والتزما بمواعيد التطعيم لأنه يجب أخذها بالميعاد المحدد ( الأفضل ) إلا إذا شاءت الظروف القليل من التأخير الخارج عن الأيدي ويجب سؤال العامل الصحي عن كيفية التعامل مع الأعراض الجانبية المحتملة مثل : الألم الموضعي (مكان الحقن) - يجب وضع كمادات دافئة إرتفاع بسيط في درجة حرارة الجسم - كمادات باردة وإعطاء السوائل أما قي حال حدوث أعراض أخرى نادرة مثل التشنجات فيجب إستشارة الطبيب حصن طفلك إن المولود ساعة ينتقل فجأة إلى بيئة جديدة لا تؤمن له نفس الراحة والحماية التي كان ينعم بها وهو في داخل الرحم، يأتي إلى هذا العالم مسلحا بمناعة شبيهة بمناعة أمه، وهذه المناعة الطبيعية التي انتقلت إليه من أمه بواسطة المشيمة لا تقيه من الأمراض إلا لفترة من الزمن لأنها تزول خلال الأشهر الأولي من حياته ويصبح بدون مناعة وعرضة للأمراض ومن المسلم به ألان أنه إذا توفر للطفل التلقيح المبكر فإنه يستطيع أن ينتج أجسام مضادة، ومع أن الأجسام المضادة المنتقلة من الأم إلي المولود تحدث مفعولا جزئيا مانعا يؤثر على تشكيل الأجسام المضادة الناتجة عن التلقيح، فإن هذا المفعول الجزئي لا يمنع جهاز الطفل نفسه من إنتاج الكفاية من الأجسام المضادة الفاعلة. فالتلقيح في سن مبكر ابتداء من الشهر الأول يثير حس الطفل إلى الجرعات المنبهة الأخرى من اللقاح أو إلى غزوة لاحقة من الجراثيم. وهناك عدد من أمراض الطفولة يمكن الوقاية منها وباستطاعتنا حماية الطفل من مثل هذه الأمراض عن طريق التلقيح. إذا الطريق الأفضل لضمان صحة أفضل لطفلك هي الوقاية من الأمراض. والطريق الأفضل لمنع حدوث عدد من الأمراض مثل الحصبة، النكاف (أبوكعب)، حصبة المانية، الإلتهاب الكبدي الوبائي (ب)، و جدري الماء (عنكز) ، السعال الديكي، الكزاز ، الدفتيريا، شلل الأطفال، وأمراض أخرى هو أن تتأكد من أن طفلك يتلقى التحصين الملائم حاليا تستطيع تحصين طفلك ضد 10 أمراض. في أغلب الحالات تعطى التطعيمات بشكل حقن، ويلزم عدة حقن للحماية الكاملة. والفترة التي يتم تطعيم الأطفال خلالها تمتد منذ الولادة الى عمر سنتين. بعض الأمراض تحتاج إلى جرعات منشطة بين الأعمار 4 و 6 سنوات والأعمار 11 و 12 سنة. كيف تعمل التطعيمات؟ التطعيمات تحمي من الأمراض المعدية التي يمكن أن تسبب أمراض خطرة أو الموت. عادة تعطى التطعيمات عن طريق الحقن أو الفم. التطعيمات تحتوي على شكل واهن أو ميت من الجراثيم المسببة للأمراض المراد التحصين ضدها والتي يستطيع الجسم السيطرة عليها ومن ثم بناء مناعة ضدها تكوين أجسام مضادة هذه الأجسام المضادة تساعد الجسم على التعرف على الجراثيم وبالتالي منع المرض من الحدوث إذا تعرض الشخص إلى العدوى في المستقبل. تكوين الأجسام المضادة ضد الجراثيم المسببة للأمراض تسمى مناعة. هل التطعيمات آمنة؟ في الغالبية العظمى من الحالات لا تسبب التطعيمات آثار جانبية شديدة. ولكن بعض التطعيمات ربما تسبب بعض الألم البسيط والورم في موقع الحقن. بعض الأطفال يصابون بحمى بسيطة ويحتمل أن يشعروا بالنعاس أو أن يصبحوا سيئي الطبع. في الحقيقة، الإصابة بأمراض مرحلة الطفولة الخطيرة أخطر بكثير من تعرض الطفل لعرض جانبي ناتج عن التطعيم

جدول التطعيمات التي من المفروض طفلك ياخذها مع العمر

عند الولادة
تطعيم الدرن (السل) و الجرعة الأولى لإلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (B)
نهاية الشهر الأول
الجرعة الثانية لإلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (B)
نهاية الشهر الثاني
جرعة أولى ثلاثي (خلوي أو لاخلوي) وشلل وجرعة أولى هيب
نهاية الشهر الرابع
جرعة ثانية ثلاثي (خلوي أو لاخلوي) وشلل وجرعة ثانية هيب
نهاية الشهر السادس
جرعة ثالثة ثلاثى (خلوي أو لاخلوي) وشلل وجرعة ثالثة هيب
نهاية الشهر السابع
جرعة ثالثة إلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (B) وتطعيم الحصبة
الشهر التاسع
اختبارالسل ويكرر سنويا
نهاية العام الأول
حصبة، حصبة ألمانية ونكاف (أبو كعب)
سنة وثلاثة شهور
منشطة هيب
سنة وأربعة شهور
جدري الماء (عنكز)
سنة ونصف
منشطة ثلاثي وشلل، ويكرر الثنائي والشلل كل 5 سنوات
سنة وتسعة شهور
منشطة إلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (ب)، ثم تكرر كل خمس سنوات
سنتان فما بعد
الحمى الشوكية وتنشط كل عامين .
إلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (A) على ثلاث جرعات: أولى وبعد شهر وست شهور .
البنيمو 23 Pneumo خاصة لمرضى التهاب الأذن الوسطى والربو
والحساسية .
سنتان و نصف
حمى تيفوئيد وتنشط كل ثلاث سنوات
بين 6 و 11 سنة
منشطة حصبة، حصبة ألمانية ونكاف (أبو كعب)
بالإمكان التلقيح ضد السعال الديكي، والكزاز ، والدفتيريا
إما باستعمال اللقاح الخاص لكل واحد على حدة وإما باستعمال لقاح للثلاثة معا.
ومثل هذا اللقاح الثلاثي يبدأ عادة في سن الشهرين ويعطى على ثلاث جرعات
مع فترة شهرين بين الواحدة والأخرى .
وبعد مرور عام على الجرعة الأخيرة تعطى جرعة منبهة.
ويوصى بإعطاء الجرعات المنبهة كل أربعة أعوام.
الأنفلونزا:
تعطى فى بداية الخريف (سبتمبر - أيلول) وقبل موسم الحج سنويا خاصة لمرضى :
الحساسية والصدر
اختبار السل:
يجرى سنويا وفي حالة سلبيته يعطى أو يكرر تطعيم الدرن
الثنائي والشلل:
ينشط قبل دخول المدرسة فى سن 6 سنوات ثم ينشط كل خمس سنوات
الهيب:
عدد الجرعات تختلف حسب عمر الطفل .
إلتهاب الكبد الوبائي (أ):
تنتقل عن طريق الفم (أغذية أو مياه ملوثة) وينصح الجميع بتلقيها.
التهاب الكبد الوبائي الفيروسي (ب):
الطريقة المثلى هي التطعيم ضده.
هناك بعض النصائح للتغلب على الآثار الجانبية للتطعيمات :
تجنب تناول الطعام نصف ساعة بعد التطعيم ضد شلل الأطفال .
غالبا ما يصاحب تطعيم الثلاثي حرارة ترتفع حتى (39 درجة) لمدة يوم أو يومين
لذلك ينصح باستخدام دواء خافض للحرارة و تناول كمية وافره من السوائل .
كثيرا ما يصاحب التطعيم ألم موضعي لمدة يومين لذلك ينصح باستخدام الكمادات الباردة .
يتبع تطعيم الدرن بعد شهر تقريبا قيح قد يستمر لعدة أسابيع: ينظف المكان بالماء المعقم
و يغطى بضمادة ناشفة دون أي دواء مطهر. وسيترك أثرا دائما (ندبة) .
قد يترك التطعيم ورما لعدة أسابيع: فلا داع للقلق سيختفي بعد ذلك .